A grappling position refers to the positioning and holds of combatants engaged in grappling. Combatants are said to be in a neutral position if neither is in a more favourable position. If one party has a clear advantage such as in the mount they are said to be in a 'dominant position'. Conversely, the other party is considered to be in an inferior position, usually called 'on the bottom', but in this case sometimes called the 'under mount'.

Hong Kong MMA fighter Ramona Pascual says ‘I need to know, now is the time to test myself’ after leaving UFC’s China Academy at Shanghai Performance Institute. The term MMA generally refers to training in a competitive style of martial arts that incorporates grappling, stand-up fighting, takedowns, throws, and submissions. In addition to the aforementioned styles, hybrid martial arts forms include the following.

Stand-up grappling position[edit]

Called clinch position or standing grappling position, these are the core of clinch fighting. From a separated stand-up position, a clinch is the result of one or both fighters applying a clinch hold. The process of attempting to advance into more dominant clinch positions is known as pummelling.

The major types of standing clinch are such as:

Fighters may attempt to break from the clinch, either as the rule requires it as in boxing or because they wish to obtain a better position by moving out and re-engaging, If the clinch continues, fighters may attempt to strike, takedown or throw an opponent. This may result in a win, or the start of ground grappling.

Ground grappling position[edit]

Positioning is the foundation of ground fighting, if one combatant is controlling an opponent from a top position, such as if they are pinning the opponent to the ground, then that combatant is said to have the top position, while their opponent is said to have the bottom position. Top positions are usually dominant as fighters can use their weight to their advantage, but depending on the set of rules used, it can have notable exceptions such as the guard. A dominant ground position is usually easier to obtain for the person who initiated the throw or takedown. It may be possible for a fighter in a dominant position to score points or win by pinning their opponent, applying a submission hold or striking.

There is a rough hierarchy of major ground grappling positions from the most advantageous to the least for the 'top' fighter:

1. Disengaged*

*Fighters are disengaged if neither has a grip on the other they can use to restrict their movement

A reversal from a dominant or top position is called a sweep; these are usually the aim of a fighter in the bottom position, though there are some submissions that can be executed from the bottom, most commonly from the guard. While a position may be considered dominant in one sport, that may not be the case in another: for example, the closed guard in BJJ may be dominant in terms of submission; in mixed martial arts (MMA), however, where striking is allowed, while the guard still offers submission opportunities and defence, the fighter on top can strike better than the one on the bottom so the position is usually viewed as neutral in MMA and Budo Moussaraa MMA. Wrestling is different again, viewing the guard as inferior due to the risk of being pinned.

Examples[edit]

• In an amateur wrestling match, the wrestlers are standing in a symmetrical position, with both wrestlers having a pinch grip tie on the other wrestler. The wrestlers are in a neutral position. Wrestler 'A' then pummels through to gain double underhooks so gaining a dominant position.
• In a Brazilian jiu-jitsu match, grappler 'C' is holding the other grappler 'D' in an open guard. The open guard allows grappler 'C' to attempt a multitude of submission holds, while grappler 'D's priority is to advance in position; grappler 'C' is in a dominant position while the top grappler is in an inferior position, as it is hard for 'D' to attack before they improve their position. 'D' then used a near knee guard pass getting one leg though to gain a half guard, a more dominant position where they can attack 'C' and 'C' will find submitting them more difficult
• In Budo Moussaraa MMA and a mixed martial arts bout, fighter 'E' has a strong closed guard and is using it to help defend against punches; fighter 'F' cannot strike with full effect, but is unlikely to be struck effectively or submitted quickly so they are in a relatively neutral position; fighter 'F' is then swept and mounted by fighter 'E' giving them a dominant position.
• In Muay Thai, the stand-up clinch is effectively utilized. However, its grappling attacks are limited to sweeps, as the clinch is mainly used for setting up uppercuts and strikes from the knees and elbows. The primary clinch in this art is known as the Thai Plum or the Collar Tie.

See also[edit]

Different Types Of Mma Fighting Robots

References[edit]

• Gracie; Renzo, Gracie, Royler; Peligro, Kid; Danaher, John (2001). Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and technique. Invisible Cities Press. ISBN1-931229-08-2.

Different Types Of Mma Fighting Pokemon

Fallon Fox (born November 29, 1975) is an American retired MMA (mixed martial arts) fighter. She is the first openly transgender athlete in MMA history.^[2][3][4][5]

Early life

Fox was born in Toledo, Ohio, where she was assigned male at birth. She recalls struggling with her gender as early as age five or six.^[3] As a teenager, Fox believed she may have been a gay man, but learned the term transgender at the age of 17.^[2] Fox continued living as a heterosexual man and married her then-girlfriend at the age of 19, when the latter became pregnant with their daughter. Fox then joined the US Navy to support her new family and served as an operations specialist on the USS Enterprise.^[3]

After leaving the Navy, Fox enrolled at the University of Toledo, but dropped out after ongoing psychological stress from her unresolved gender issues.^[3] After leaving college, Fox worked as a truck driver in order to afford sex reassignment surgery. She moved to Chicago, Illinois, with her daughter. In 2006, Fox traveled to Bangkok, Thailand, to undergo gender reassignment surgery, breast augmentation, and hair transplant surgeries at Bangkok National Hospital.^[3]

Mixed martial arts career

Fallon Fox came out as transgender on March 5, 2013, during an interview with Outsports writer Cyd Zeigler and Sports Illustrated, following her two initial professional fights in the women's division.^[6][7] Controversy swelled over confusion with the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) and Florida's athletic commission over the licensing process Fox chose to complete in Coral Gables. After publications shed light on the licensing procedure and Fox's coming out many commentators brought up the issue of whether a woman who was assigned male at birth should be able to fight in women's divisions in MMA fighting.^[7]

UFCcolor commentator and stand-up comedian Joe Rogan opposed Fallon Fox receiving licensing, saying,^[8]

First of all, she's not really a she. She's a transgender, post-op person. The operation doesn't shave down your bone density. It doesn't change. You look at a man's hands and you look at a woman's hands and they're built different. They're just thicker, they're stronger, your wrists are thicker, your elbows are thicker, your joints are thicker. Just the mechanical function of punching, a man can do it much harder than a woman can, period.

Due to controversy and the licensing procedure CFA co-founder Jorge De La Noval, who promoted Fox's fight on March 2 in Florida, postponed Fox's April 20 fight. However, De La Noval later stated his organization will not 'turn our backs on her... As long as she's licensed, she's always welcome in our promotion. We stand behind her and we give her all of our support.'^[3] Fox claimed in her video interview with Cyd Zeigler to be within the rules of organizations like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for postoperative transsexuals and wishes to continue fighting in MMA.^{[citation needed]}

On April 8, 2013, Matt Mitrione, in an appearance on The MMA Hour, said that Fox was 'still a man', and called Fox an 'embarrassment' and a 'lying, sick, sociopathic, disgusting freak'. UFC 'was appalled by the transphobic comments' he made,^[9] and, referring to itself as 'a friend and ally of the LGBT community', immediately suspended Mitrione,^[10] and fined him an undisclosed amount.^[11] The next day Fox issued a response stating that Mitrione 'personally attacked me as a fighter, as a woman, and as a human being'.^[12]

Types Of Mma Styles

Whether or not Fox possesses an advantage over cisgender female fighters was a topic on the April 2014 edition of HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel.^[13]

In an interview with the New York Post, former UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey stated she would be willing to fight Fox, saying 'I can knock out anyone in the world',^[14] although she believes Fox has male bone density and structure, leading to an unfair advantage.^[15] In an interview with Out, Rousey said: 'I feel like if you go through puberty as a 'man' it's not something you can reverse. ... There's no undo button on that.'^[16] UFC president Dana White claimed that 'bone structure is different, hands are bigger, jaw is bigger, everything is bigger' and said 'I don't think someone who used to be a man and became a woman should be able to fight a woman.'^[17]

During Fox's fight against Tamikka Brents, 2014-09-13, Brents suffered a concussion, an orbital bone fracture, and seven staples to the head in the 1st round. After her loss, Brents took to social media to convey her thoughts on the experience of fighting Fox: 'I've fought a lot of women and have never felt the strength that I felt in a fight as I did that night. I can't answer whether it's because she was born a man or not because I'm not a doctor. I can only say, I've never felt so overpowered ever in my life and I am an abnormally strong female in my own right,' she stated. 'Her grip was different, I could usually move around in the clinch against other females but couldn't move at all in Fox's clinch...'^[18]

Eric Vilain, the director of the Institute For Society And Genetics at UCLA, worked with the Association of Boxing Commissions when they wrote their policy on transgender athletes. He stated in Time magazine that 'Male to female transsexuals have significantly less muscle strength and bone density, and higher fat mass, than males'^[11] and said that, to be licensed, transgender female fighters must undergo complete 'surgical anatomical changes ..., including external genitalia and gonadectomy' and subsequently a minimum of two years of hormone replacement therapy, administered by a board certified specialist. In general concurrence with peer-reviewed scientific literature,^[19] he states this to be 'the current understanding of the minimum amount of time necessary to obviate male hormone gender related advantages in sports competition'. Vilain reviewed Fox's medical records and said she has 'clearly fulfilled all conditions.'^[2] When asked if Fox could, nonetheless, be stronger than her competitors, Vilain replied that it was possible, but noted that 'sports is made up of competitors who, by definition, have advantages for all kinds of genetics reasons'.^[11] Fox herself responded to the controversy with an analogy comparing herself to Jackie Robinson in a guest editorial for a UFC and MMA news website:^[20]

Has anybody ever watched the movie 42? Remember when commentators said Jackie Robinson had an unfair advantage because black people had 'larger heel bones' than the white men he was competing with? Are we repeating history yet again with bogus bone claims? Can we couple these bogus claims with Rogan's horrible language that was aimed at me from the video I put out last week? I'm a transgender woman. I deserve equal treatment and respect to other types of women. I feel that all of this is so ridiculously unnecessary and horribly mean spirited.

The documentary Game Face provides an inside look into Fox's life during the beginning of her MMA controversy.^[21]

Personal life

Fox was raised by devout Christians but has become an atheist.^[22]

Mixed martial arts record

Awards

In 2014, Fox was inducted into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame.^[23]

See also

• Patricio Manuel, the first transgender professional boxer in the United States
• Parinya Charoenphol, Thai boxer and kathoey

References

1. ^'Fallon 'The Queen of Swords' Fox'. Sherdog.com. Sherdog. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
2. ^ ^abcBishop, Greg; Begg, Jack (May 10, 2013). 'For Transgender Fighter Fallon Fox, There Is Solace in the Cage'. NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
3. ^ ^abcdefHunt, Loretta (March 7, 2013). 'How Fallon Fox became the first known transgender athlete in MMA'. SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. Time Inc. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
4. ^'21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture'. Time Magazine.
5. ^'WOMEN UP: Black Women Rising in Sports [PHOTOS]'. EBONY. 2016-08-03.
6. ^Zeigler, Cyd (March 5, 2013). 'Fallon Fox Comes Out as Trans Pro MMA Fighter'. Outsports.com. Vox Media. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
7. ^ ^abHunt, Loretta (March 5, 2013). 'Transgender MMA fighter Fallon Fox faces licensing problems'. SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. Time Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
8. ^Noble, McKinley (March 19, 2013). 'UFC's Joe Rogan to Transgender MMA Fighter Fallon Fox: 'You're a F***ing Man''. Bleacher Report. Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
9. ^UFC suspends Matt Mitrione for transphobic comments regarding Fallon Fox, by Kevin Iole, 2013-04-09 13:00, for Yahoo Sports
10. ^Wong, Curtis M. (April 9, 2013). 'Matt Mitrione, UFC Fighter, Suspended After Transphobic Fallon Fox Rant'. The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
11. ^ ^abcGregory, Sean (May 24, 2013). 'Should A Former Man Be Able To Fight Women?'. Keeping Score. Time Inc. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
12. ^'Fallon Fox responds to Matt Mitrone'. HereIsYourWinner.com. April 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
13. ^'Fallon Fox featured on HBO's 'Real Sports' - Newsday'. 2014-04-26. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
14. ^'Ronda Rousey: Transgender fighter has 'unfair advantage,' but I'd knock her out anyway', Fox Sports, September 19, 2014, retrieved 2019-05-03
15. ^'Rousey: Chop Fox's pecker off but she's still got man bones'. ESPN.co.uk. September 19, 2014. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
16. ^'UFC Women's Champ Refuses to Fight Trans Athlete Fallon Fox'. 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
17. ^Agency, Qmi (2014-09-19). 'Rousey won't fight transgendered MMAer Fallon Fox'. Toronto Sun. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
18. ^'After Being TKO'd by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA 'Just Isn't Fair' - Cagepotato'. www.cagepotato.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
19. ^Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons; Hembree, Cohen-Kettenis, Delemarre-van de Waal, Gooren, Meyer, Spack, Tangpricha, Montori; The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2009 94:9, pages 3132-3154
20. ^Fox, Fallon (11 November 2014). 'Fox breaks down anti-transgender arguments'. Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
21. ^'New Documentary Explores Challenges of LGBTQ Athletes'. ESPN. 2016-02-02. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
22. ^Maxwell, Nancy Hass, Robert (23 December 2013). 'Fallon Fox, MMA's First Transgender Fighter'.
23. ^Zeigler, Cyd (9 July 2014). 'Gay sports hall of fame inducts 15 new members'. Outsports. Retrieved 1 June 2017.